Sleep is natural and reversible state of lowered responsiveness to outside stimuli, state of relative inactivity accompanied by loss of consciousness. During sleep no biological functions stop working. Sleep phases Sleep consists of two phases, non-REM phase and REM phase. When falling asleep we enter non-REM phase at first, muscles relax, breathing calms down and blood pressure lowers. We can dream during non-REM phase but after waking up...
Stroke is very dangerous disease caused by clotting of artery or vein in brain or rupture of brain blood vessel. Time is crucial as it can save patent’s life. Stroke is neurological pathophysiology that is very often misunderstood as cardiovascular disease. In this case the brain blood vessel is affected. Based on difference that happens in brain during stroke we divide it to ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic means obstruction of...
There are two kidneys in human body located on both sides of spine under rib cage. Right kidney is placed lower because of liver. Kidneys have various functions and crucial one is excretion of waste material in urine. Kidney anatomy Kidneys are covered in capsule (1) and on top of it is fat. On the cross section is visible cortex (2) and medulla (3). Medulla is made of pyramids (4) which continue with calyces (5). Kidney...
